Standard Normal Distribution Table

Standard Normal Distribution Table Definition: - The standard normal distribution table gives the probability of a value being between a particular value of z and the mean. The whole number and tenths- palace appear in the first column of the table. Across the top of the table are the values of the hundredths place portion of the z score. To read the z score table, we always start from z=0, which represents the mean of standard normal distribution table. Standard normal curve is like a bell shape and it is symmetric figure, which means area on the each side of the mean are equally distributed and equal to 0.5. Although the values of z on the left side of the mean are negative, the area under the curve is always positive for both positive z score and negative z score because z table represent the area under the curve and area cannot give a negative value. Example: - Find the area of between z=0 and 1.06. Solution: - Find 1.0 (the portion of this z score from the z table) from the first column. For this z score, the hundredths- place value is 6, so find 0.06 from the top of the table. Since 1.06= 1.0+0.06. Then take the intersection value of 1.0 and 0.06 which is 0.3554. Another example: - Find the area between z= 0 and 2.72. Solution: - From the z table area under z=0 and 2.72 is 0.4967

Five Ways You Can Improve Your Life As An Introvert - Introvert Whisperer

Introvert Whisperer / Five Ways You Can Improve Your Life As An Introvert - Introvert Whisperer Five Ways You Can Improve Your Life As An Introvert Personal Branding starts with how well you speak about YOU.  I want to help you accelerate your career by connecting you with your Free Instant Access to my eBook â€" The Definitive Guide to Creating and Using an Elevator Speech.  In this guide, I give you simple to follow instructions for creating a “wardrobe” of ways to talk about you â€" to leave a lasting impression. Get your copy now! Brought to you by Dorothy Tannahill-Moran â€" dedicated to unleashing your professional potential. Introvert Whisperer

Tips for Reading an Assigned Book You Dislike

Tips for Reading an Assigned Book You Dislike As a student, you will occasionally be assigned reading materials that simply dont interest you. However, there is no reason to let your dislike for the reading affect your grade. Here are four tips for reading an assigned book you dislike: 1. Create a character tree Certain books include family trees or character diagrams in their first pages, especially if the characters span several generations or have similar names (i.e. One Hundred Years of Solitude or Wuthering Heights). If your book doesnt provide one of these graphics, you can make your own. Create a diagramin your notebook or on a scrap piece of paper that you can insert in the cover of your book. Besides listing character names, consider writing out qualities and major accomplishments for each character. You can also draw arrows between characters, and describe the relationships and similarities between them. Diagramming a character tree can help you keep track of whos who, and it can also help you make connections a critical thinking skill as you read the book.These 3 tips on note takingmay also be able to help you. 2. Consult a study guide while reading Consider using a study guide as a supplement to your reading material, rather than as a replacement. This can be especially useful when readinglong books, when synthesizing information may be difficult. Reading study guides can also help cement details in your mind, and these guides can point out major events that you should be aware of. However, be mindful that your teacher may decide to focus on different themes and details than those discussed in your study guide. Also be sure to use it as a guide make your own connections, and do not borrow its analysis or language when writing reports or essays about your book. Study guides are a great way to ensure your understanding and to introduce yourself to new viewpoints on an assigned book you dislike. Here is a guide to the study guidethat you may find useful as well. 3. Discuss the book with a friend Talking about books with someone elsecan be extremely enlightening and helpful, especially if you dislike the assigned book. Find a classmate or someone else who has read the book before an older sibling, a cousin, a parent, a friend outside of class, or an englishtutor. These are some of benefits of group study. When you discuss a book (even to express your distaste for it), you are articulating events and characters in a way that can help you write about them later. Your discussion partner is also likely to bring up aspects of the book that you havent thought of. A book conversation can include paraphrasing or summarizing what youve read, in addition to questions or confusions you may have about the text. Take the time to talk about any upcoming assignments, as well! 4. Look up articles, book reviews, and interviews with the author Background information about a book can deepen your understanding of the text. There are many online resources you can access quite easily. For instance, use a search engine to find articles, book reviews, and interviews with the author. This kind of supplementary material allows you to make text-to-text connections that can build your critical thinking skills. Follow the above tips for readingan assigned book you dislike, and get the most out of the experience. Doing so can be great practice for you, as youll likely experience many more less-than-desirable reading assignments throughout your academic career. Plus, when you reach books you do enjoy, you will have developed reading skills that can help you succeed in class.

Choosing Guitars

Choosing Guitars Advice for Choosing Your Guitar ChaptersWhat Is a Classical Guitar?What Is a Folk Guitar?The Differences Between Different GuitarsWhich Instrument Should You Choose to Start Playing the Guitar?“How is it that music can, without words, evoke our laughter, our fears, our highest aspirations?” - Jane SwanChoosing your guitar in a shop or online can seem like a herculean task at times.So how do you decide between a classical guitar and a folk guitar?Guitars, despite what many may think, are still growing in popularity.Would you like to start guitar lessons?Here’s our advice for choosing classical guitars and folk guitars. PeterGuitar Teacher £12/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors EdgarGuitar Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PaulGuitar Teacher 5.00 (12) £18/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors DanielGuitar Teacher 5.00 (3) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ToddGuitar Teacher 4.75 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SamueleGuitar Teacher 5.00 (5) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors KurtGuitar Teacher 5.00 (3) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RyanGuitar Teacher £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsWhat Is a Classical Guitar?Classical guitars, like most others, has six strings. The main difference between it and electric guitars, folk guitars, and electro-acoustic guitars is that the strings are nylon. Classical guitars play quite differently to folk guitars. (Source: josealbafotos)The three highest-pitched strings are made of nylon while the three lowest strings are made of nylon wrapped in metal. Similarly, there are 12 playable frets on the neck.The neck of a classical guitar is thicker than that of a folk guitar and there’s more space between the strings so your fingers will be farther apart when playing.Classical guitars are often also known as Spanish guitars.Why Spanish?Because the classical guitar was invented in Spain and is designed with flamenco music in mind.  Flamenco guitars are very similar to classical guitars but they have a thinner and lighter neck.  The sound is also very different. An Andalusian flamenco or gipsy guitar will have a brighter sound than a classical guitar with a sound that approaches that of a folk guitar.The strings are also very close to the fretboard which allows the guitarist to quickly move around the neck.  A lot of guitarists play classic al guitars as soloists and there are plenty of musical genres that can be played with these types of guitar.These acoustic guitars were invented at the dawn of the 19th century.Find out more about playing the guitar.What Is a Folk Guitar?A folk guitar is usually larger than a classical guitar and has six metal strings. The higher strings are often made of steel while the lower strings are wrapped in bronze. Folk guitars sound different from classical guitars. (Source: delahaye)The neck, unlike a classical guitar, has 14 playable frets. There are 7 more frets on the body.  Folk guitars have a thinner neck than classical guitars and are usually easier to play.On the other hand, this type of guitar is still quite difficult to play for beginners. After all, metal strings can hurt your fingers if you haven’t developed callouses.Folk guitars are acoustic and include several different types of guitar:Dreadnought guitarsJumbo guitarsElectro-acoustic guitarsManouche guitarsDreadnoughts are huge, imposing guitars with a big sound.  They’re often sold to beginners.Jumbo guitars are rounder with richer bass tones.Electro-acoustics are folk guitars with mics or pickups allowing you to plug them into an amp.  You can use them to play acoustic guitar at home and perform on stage with a PA system or amp.  The steel strings are good for contemporary music like pop and rock. It should be noted that t he strings provide a different sound to classical guitars.You can get different sound boxes, necks, and bridges can all provide different sounds on folk guitars.The Differences Between Different GuitarsIf you’ve never played the guitar before, you might struggle to tell the sound of two guitars apart. You’ll soon get the hang of it. Different guitars are suited to different types of music. (Source: analogicus)Each instrument has a different sound. The differences between classical and folk guitars will help you decide on which is the best for you to buy.  They can affect the comfort, playability, sound, and look of the instrument.A more experienced guitarist might even take the wood of the body and neck into account. The tone of mahogany is different from spruce and a rosewood fingerboard feels different from a maple fretboard.The NeckA classical guitar has 19 frets with 7 of them on the body. Its neck is shorter than a folk guitar.  The width of the frets makes finger placement easier, especially for beginners.A folk guitar neck, on the other hand, has 21 frets and is longer from bridge to nut.  Its neck is closer to an electric guitar’s neck than a classical guitar’s neck. There are more playable frets than on a classical or flamenco guitar. This makes them better for beginners to play.I recommend you opt for a cutaway guitar as you’ll have more accessible frets. This allows you to play the 15th to 21st frets on the guitar.The StringsThe strings on a classical guitar are made of nylon. They’re more flexible and easier on your fingers than metal strings and are recommended for beginners.  Nylon strings offer more nuance to players as you get more control over them when playing your guitar.Folk guitars have metal strings.  They can hurt your fingers if you don’t haven’t developed callouses yet.  Folk, jazz, or electro-acoustic guitars are often played with a plectrum and used for rock, pop, gipsy jazz, or blues music.Learn about the different ways to hold a guitar.Which Instrument Should You Choose to Start Playing the Guitar?So how can you choose the right guitar for the style of music you want to play?The first things to consider when buying a guitar:ComfortValue for moneyThe type of music you want to play (classical, flamenco, rock, pop, jazz, blues, etc.)Physical fitnessThe techniques you’ll be using (picking, strumming, fingerpicking, etc.)The soundWhether or not you’ll be using an amp. Think carefully about the type of music you're going to play and how you're going to play before you get your guitar. (Source: agnessatalalaev0)You should choose an entry-level guitar if you’re just starting to play. There’s no point in getting an expensive Ibanez or Gibson thinking you’ll immediately be able to play like Hendrix or Pink Floyd.In terms of sound, you can play also any type of music with these two main types of guitar.  You need to remember that classical guitars have a softer sound.  They’re good for flamenco, classical music, tango, and bossa nova.The sound of a folk guitar is more percussive. It’s better for barre chords and music like rock, blues, country, pop, manouche, etc.  At the very beginning, it can seem easier to play than a classical guitar.To learn which guitar you should get, we recommend that you go to a music store.You need to feel comfortable with the neck and the size of the body. Similarly, the body shape can affect the playability, especi ally when you're sitting down. There's a big difference between sitting with a Fender Stratocaster to a Gibson Flying V, for example.You also need to think about the weight of the instrument, especially for younger guitarists.Don't forget to keep your guitar clean.Have you chosen your guitar?Next, you can look at the wood used, the length of the neck, and the music you want to play with it.If you'd like to learn more about how to play the guitar, there are plenty of useful resources online. You can find tablature sites to show you how to play certain songs as well as video tutorials on sites like YouTube. However, if you prefer to be taught how to play, you should consider getting in touch with one of the many talented and experienced guitar tutors on Superprof.There are three types of guitar tutorial available: face-to-face, online, and group. Each of these come with their pros and cons and it's really up to you to choose which one works best with your learning style and your budge t.Generally speaking, face-to-face tutorials are the most effective as they're just between you and your tutor. Your tutor can focus all their time and energy on you during the tutorial and also plan the tutorials with you in mind. However, this bespoke service comes at a cost and while guitar tutors don't tend to charge a fortune, face-to-face tutorials are usually the most costly type of tutorial available.Online tutorials are similar to face-to-face tutorials in the respect that they're just between the tutor and the student but their main difference is that the tutor won't be there with you in the room. Instead, they'll be teaching you remotely via webcam and video conferencing software. While these types of tutorials tend to be cheaper than face-to-face tutorials, they do have the disadvantage of not being as effective for hands-on subjects.Finally, there are group tutorials. With several students in a single tutorial, you won't get as much one-on-one time with your tutor and t here's no guarantee that the tutorials will be tailored to you; there are other students that need to be taught, after all. With all the students footing the bill, these tutorials tend to work out the cheapest per student per hour.

Why A General Education - Varsity Tutors Blog

Why A General Education - Varsity Tutors Blog Every college student is forced or encouraged to take a bunch of general education classes that are unrelated to his/her major. There are administrators on both side of the argument, lobbying for their case, according to an article in the Washington Post. One group, the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, has been compiling research to argue for its case. It found that many colleges require three or fewer of the basic subjects, such as math, science, foreign language, composition, the fundaments of U.S. history, economics, literature, composition, etc. The group analyzed 1,007 colleges and found that three fifths of those schools do not require seven of the basic subjects. This was itsthird annual report, titled What Will They Learn? The group is simply trying to prove that colleges do not require students to learn essential subjects, and thus they graduate lacking a broad education. It argues that colleges are becoming too lax and letting students study whatever they want. They are no longer forcing students to learn general education classes instead they are giving students too much freedom in selecting a curriculum. According to this group, colleges only guide students through distribution requirements, in which students can select from a certain number of courses in each of the several broad areas of education. However, most students always take the easiest, lowest-level classes. Then there are administrators who do not believe in a broad general education system, and many of them have already stated that this system is flawed; however, few have made strides to improve it. They argue that the whole system of general education is tainted by politics. Department heads (a colleges head of the English Department) never want their classes to be optional. They all want to make the required list. Colleges have to make sure their department heads are happy; so every department becomes required for every major. This simply makes college less specialized to whats important for a students future career and longer/more expensive. Generally speaking, most colleges are leaning toward a more specialized education either because its more beneficial to a students career plans or because its what the student wants. The American Council of Trustees and Alumnis study found that only 5 percent of colleges surveyed required economics as a field as study, about 20 percent required U.S. government or history and 15 percent required intermediate-level foreign language. The report also found that only about 19 schools required six or more of the seven subjects. Three of which are military academies.

What About Online Tutoring

What About Online Tutoring Can Online Tutoring Be an Effective Learning Resource? ChaptersThe Advantages of Online Academic SupportThe Limitations of Online Academic SupportOnline Academic Support Tools and ResourcesMOOCs: The New Way to LearnOnline tutoring is helping students with their studies.It’s a great way to improve their grades at any time during the year:Before an examDuring the school holidaysAt the end of the yearFor brushing up on everything they learnt during classAs a result, there are plenty of sites popping up offering materials and resources for all levels.Primary school, secondary school, and university students all have plenty of free and paid-for resources at their fingertips.  However, there are a few questions we need to ask ourselves about them:Can we trust online academic support resources?Should we trust them?In this article, Superprof’s is getting to the bottom of it. CalumDrama School Entrance Teacher 5.00 (15) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ToriSpanish Teacher 5.00 (1) £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors OliviaSchool support Teacher 5.00 (2) £21/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarkESOL (English) Teacher 4.76 (17) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors YuweiChinese Teacher 4.33 (6) £19/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JenniferMusic reading Teacher 5.00 (1) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LouiseAutoCAD Teacher 5.00 (3) £60/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RickyPercussion Teacher 5.00 (7) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors NicolasGuitar Teacher 5.00 (2) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MyriamOrganic chemistry Teacher 5.00 (13) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JonathanEconomics Teacher 5.00 (9) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors Oluwakemi imoleMaths Teacher 5.00 (1) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AlexPhysics Teacher 5.00 (1) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AdamSinging Teacher 5.00 (14) £48/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ValentiniMusic readi ng Teacher 5.00 (2) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MilenaMaths Teacher 5.00 (5) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RashmiEconomics Teacher 5.00 (1) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsThe Advantages of Online Academic SupportThere are plenty of good reasons for taking online classes.There are plenty of great reasons for kids to learn online. (Source: StartupStockPhotos)Here are 6 of the best ones.1. A Decent PriceGenerally, an online tutor costs about £20 per hour. This price varies in terms of the tutor’s experience, the level being taught, the subjects, etc.You’ll find plenty of different types of academic coaching, learning resources, and revision help.  In any case, the online option is usually cheaper than the one on one tutoring services.2. Lessons and Exercises that Are Accessible at any TimeYou can read over lessons, watch videos, listen to podcasts, or submit an assignment as long as you have an internet connection.  At home, you c an use your computer or your tablet. When you’re out and about, you can use your smartphone.This is a great way to make the most of the time spent travelling or when you’re on holiday before school starts back up in September, for example.3. Perfect for Revision after ClassSometimes it’s just not coming together and other times you’re on a roll.Don’t worry: your online lessons will still be there tomorrow if you’re not feeling it.  While you can lose your notes, it’s much harder to lose a web address (especially if you save it to your favourites).In just a few clicks, you can find a maths class, study physics or chemistry, do a few online grammar and spelling exercises, or whatever you fancy.If you're struggling with calculus, algebra, geometry, or statistics, you can find plenty of resources online.There are so many free online tutoring resources.4. Motivate Yourself to LearnThe great thing about these types of lessons is that they tend to focus on having fun while yo u learn.Take video games, for example. You can enjoy fun activities with rewards and medals for doing well that encourage you to learn even more.You’ll soon start enjoying those maths or French classes!5. Specialists at the Ends of Your FingertipsYou might struggle to concentrate at the end of the day. This is normal. However, it does mean that you can’t remember a single thing from your German class.No problem! On the internet, you can ask experienced tutors to help you find academic success.  You can do this on forums or via webcam (if you pay a private tutor). It all depends on what you need and what your budget is.6. Useful and Effective Homework HelpIf your grades aren’t great, you can easily find lessons to fill in the gaps.  Similarly, if you’re struggling to understand a certain concept, online resources like videos and exercises can help you to see things in a different way.In any case, you get to focus on the specific topic that’s causing you trouble.The Limitati ons of Online Academic SupportThere are pros and cons to everything.We’ve already mentioned the advantages. Now let’s look at some of the disadvantages of online academic support...Artificial Intelligence vs. Human IntelligenceIt’s a fact that you’d be able to learn much more with a dedicated teacher. A child who struggles to work on their own won’t get a lot out of studying or doing their homework online.Thus, a computer won’t be able to help them that much.If a student isn’t motivated or can’t concentrate, there’s no online quiz that can help.The Dangers of the InternetVery young children run the risk of finding content that’s not suitable for them.Parents with children in primary school should probably keep an eye on their kids when using the internet even if you do have parental controls.Of course, there are sites on the internet that children shouldn't visit. (Source: Matwor29)When it comes to secondary school students, they can be granted more autonomy when using the internet.You should check that they’re actually using the internet for their work.It’s very easy on sites like YouTube to get distracted by the other content available. Don’t forget to remain critical of the information you find on the internet, especially what you read on forums.Too Much ChoiceLots of sites have absolutely tonnes of resources.  This is so that anyone can find the English, French, history, geography, or maths resources they’re looking for.Of course, you should ask yourself whether your child should be studying physics or chemistry if they’re doing just fine in school.With so much choice, some students struggle to separate the wheat from the chaff and inevitably get demotivated. Encourage them to work little and often and give their study some structure.What About Free Sites?The web is the future of free content.  That’s also true for content on the national curriculum. There are plenty of free sites that can help students study for their SATs, GCSEs, or A Levels.It’s also a great way for students to regularly study for their exams. Of course, these resources are rarely good enough to fully replace their classes. Without assistance, even the best students run the risk of their grades going down if they’re only using free online resources.Online Academic Support Tools and ResourcesIf you’ve started tutoring yourself, you’re probably wondering which of these resources you could use to help your students in their studies.Just like with everything else, you need to use the right tools. (Source: picjumbo_com)The internet could help you refine your teaching methods.Here are the top 3 types of tools to use for academic support.#1: SharingEvery tutor needs somewhere they can share important documents and files with their students.Here are 3 platforms you can use:DropBoxGoogle DriveWeTransferYou can share and transfer all types of file formats and on some platforms, you can even modify them live.#2: VideoconferencingImagin e being able to still teach your  students from the other side of the world.You can do so thanks to video conferencing and video chat. Skype is one of the most popular programmes for this.If you want to teach a whole auditorium, we recommend using BigBlueButton.#3: Multiple-Choice TestsTo test your students, multiple-choice tests are a great way to complement your lessons.They’re easy to set up and easy to correct. You can use them to check what your students have learnt and what they need to study.While you can use Excel, you can also use:Google FormsLimeSurveyKwikSurveyOther Programmes to UseDepending on your IT skills, there are a few other programmes that you can use to improve your webcam tutorials or private tutorials.  Some of the most important include:Digital notepadsVirtual Learning EnvironmentsDigital whiteboardsAudio and video equipment for podcasts or videosDigital TextbooksMOOCs: The New Way to LearnAlthough MOOCs were created in 2002, it wouldn’t be until 2008 tha t they’d start resembling the platforms we know today.These courses (MOOC is short for Massive Open Online Course) are free, accessible to everyone, and mainly aimed at university-level students. You just have to sign up.Thanks to video conferencing, whether you're an English tutor, chemistry tutor, or a writing tutor, you can broadcast your lessons to internet users. These users can ask them questions on forums and chats, too.Are prerecorded lessons the classes of the future? (Source: 350543)While most of the courses are at a university level, there are MOOCs popping up for secondary and primary school pupils.In fact, Khan Academy, one of the most popular MOOCs, offers video courses on maths and science to primary school and secondary school kids.Not forgetting:UdemyCourseraUdacityEdXSome students learn better by watching videos.MOOCs can be a formidable academic support tool for those studying at university or doing their A Levels.You’ve probably gathered that we’re big fans of online academic support. However, it can never fully replace an actual teacher. Don’t forget that it exists and is a great way to get supplemental instruction in a number of subjects. While most of the courses are at an undergraduate level, there are more and more courses to help with secondary school studies.For students struggling, it’s probably a better idea for their parents to work with them and even consider hiring a qualified private tutor to help them succeed at school. Even if they're not struggling, private tutoring can help a learner with exam preparation, doing their homework, or writing an essay.If you're looking for writing tutors, physics tutors, or whatever, you can find the best tutors near me on dedicated sites and platforms like Superprof. To find a tutor, you just need to search either the subject (biology, economics, accounting, psychology, etc.) or a topic (study skills, test prep, etc.) and say whether you want online tutoring services via webcam or on e to one tutoring.

Business Geniuses in Prison

Business Geniuses in Prison Normally when I  think of prison in the United States, I  think of a violent, dangerous place where not much good happens.The TED video were using for this English listening exercise challenges my ideas of what prisons and prisoners are, and also challenges most peoples beliefs for what they could be in the future.This listening exercise is based off of a popular lesson that we give in our live English classes. Interested in talking to a teacher about this lesson? Schedule a live, individual English class.Before starting the video, youll want to study the many English phrasal verbs used in the video. The words below often have several meanings, were using the ones intended in the video.Come up with:  To think of something, especially a new idea.Figure out:  Similar to come up with.  To think of something, especially a new idea.Cut out:  To eliminate.Get around:  To bypass something.Get on:  A way of asking someone to continue.Go through:  To examine or review.Set up:  To schedule or arrange.Call off: To cancel something, especially an appointment.Call for:  To request, especially used in public requests.Come around:  To accept an idea you  originally opposed.Comprehension questions.  Write your answers in comments, and well respond.1. What was BJ’s vision?2. Why were most of the other inmates locked up?3. What was Jeff Smith’s job in prison?4. What were some of the ways to hustle in prison?5. What are some of the problems Jeff Smith mentions with the reinitiation of people with a criminal record into the world after they complete their sentence?6. Why did Jeff Smith go to prison?Discussion questions. Write your answers in comments, and well respond.1. Do you agree with Jeff Smith’s ideas about how to treat prisoners?2. What ideas can you think of to help prisoners readjust to the “real world” after getting out of prison?3. Do you think taxpayers should be asked to pay for better conditions for prisoners? For toothbrushes for them? For a rehabilitation /real-world initiation program for them?We hope you enjoyed this lesson! Please let us know if there are any videos you would like to see us use in Future English listening exercises.

Radiation Oncology Glossary

Radiation Oncology Glossary Oncologists are doctors who diagnose cancer, but the people who administer the radiation are radio-oncology technicians. If you are interested in helping people and love math and physics, this is the field for you. If you patients speak only English, youll need to know some vocabulary from this field of study. Radiation Oncology Word Cloud Glossary adenomaa benign tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue. alopeciaHair loss. antibioticA medicine such as penicillin that inhibits or destroys microorganisms. antiemeticA medicine to prevent or relieve nausea or vomiting. anuriaAnuria means non-passage of urine, sometimes caused by radiation. benign tumorA tumor that is not cancerous. biopsyAn examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease. bone marrowa soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced (often taken as typifying strength and vitality) brachytherapyThe treatment of cancer, especially prostate cancer, by the insertion of radioactive implants directly into the tissue. bruiseAn injury appearing as an area of discoloured skin on the body, caused by a blow or impact rupturing underlying blood vessels. burnInjury to tissues caused by the contact with heat, flame, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. cancerAny type of malignant growth or tumour, caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. carcinogenesisThe formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. carcinomaMalignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues and to give rise to metastases. ChemotherapyThe treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances. colonoscopyA medical procedure where a long, flexible, tubular instrument is used to view the inner lining of the colon and the rectum. conformal therapyShaping the radiation beam specifically to the area of interest (using 3-D treatment planning); treating as little normal tissue as possible which causes fewer side effects. cystA thin-walled, hollow organ or cavity containing a liquid secretion. diagnosisThe identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms. diarrheaa condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form. DNAA chemical substance in plant and animal cells that tells the cells what to do and when to do it. doseThe total energy of ionizing radiation absorbed by unit mass of living tissue, usually measured in grays (SI unit) or rads. dosimeterAn instrument for measuring the dose of X-rays or other radiation absorbed by matter or the intensity of a source of radiation. dosimetristA person who plans and calculates the proper amount of radiation dose for each treatment. dosimetryMeasuring the dose of radiation emitted by a radioactive source. dyspneaDifficult or labored breathing. epidemiologya branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population exposureA measure of the amount of ionizing radiation at the surface of a person’s body, calculated by multiplying milliamperage by exposure time in seconds. external radiationRadiation therapy that uses a machine located outside of the body to aim high-energy rays at cancer cells gamma rayElectromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus of an atom by radioactive decay and having energies in a range from ten thousand (104) to ten million (107) electron volts. genitourinaryrelating to the genital and urinary organs or functions glandAn organ in the human or animal body that secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings. gynecologic tumoursGynecologic cancers are malignant tumors within the female reproductive organs. healCause a wound, injury, or person to become healthy again hematologyA medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs hematuriaBlood in the urine. hemoptysisCoughing up of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or airway. hormonal therapyThe use of hormones in medical treatment. iatrogenicIllness caused inadvertently by medical treatment or diagnostic procedures. immune systemA system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response immunotherapyTreatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. inflammationA localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful. injectionA substance that is introduced into a organism, especially by means of a hypodermic syringe, as a liquid into the veins or muscles of the body. intensity modulated radiation therapyA type of three-dimensional radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to match radiation to the size and shape of a tumor ionizing radiationAny radiation, as a stream of alpha particles or x-rays, that produces ionization as it passes through a medium. isodoseA radiation dose of equal intensity given to more than one area in a patient’s body. isotopeOne of two or more atoms with the same atomic number that contain different numbers of neutrons kinetic energyEnergy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion laparoscopyA surgical procedure in which a fiber-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or to permit a surgical procedure. lesionAny structural change in a bodily part resulting from injury or disease linear acceleratorA machine that creates high-energy radiation to treat cancers lumpectomya surgery to remove the tumor lung cancerCarcinoma of the lungs; one of the commonest forms of cancer lymph nodeEach of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed. lymphedemaswelling in the legs caused by lymph accumulating in the tissues in the affected areas. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)A form of medical imaging that measures the response of the atomic nuclei of body tissues to high-frequency radio waves when placed in a strong magnetic field, and that produces images of the internal organs. malignantCancerous. metastasisThe spread of a cancer from one part of the body to another; cells in the second tumor are like those in the original tumor neoadjuvant therapyTreatment given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, which is usually surgery, is given. neoplasmA new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, characteristic of cancer. Non-Hodgkin lymphomaA cancer that starts in cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune system. osteonecrosisThe destruction and death of bone tissue, such as from ischemia, infection, malignant neoplastic disease, or trauma. palliative therapyA treatment that may relieve symptoms without curing the disease prostate cancerCancer of the prostate gland; one of the most common malignancies in men in the US radiation oncologistA doctor who has specialized in using radiation to treat disease. radiation physicistA person trained to ensure that the radiation machine delivers the right amount of radiation to the treatment sites radiation therapistA person with special training who runs the equipment that delivers the radiation. radiation therapyThe treatment of cancer using X-rays or similar forms of radiation. radiosurgeryA single high dose fraction of radiation, stereotactically directed to an intracranial region. radiotherapyThe treatment of cancer, by means of alpha or beta particles emitted from an implanted or ingested radioisotope, or by means of a beam of high-energy radiation. recoveryA return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength. sarcomaAny of a group of tumors usually arising from connective tissue. scanTo examine or map the body, or one or more organs or regions of it, by gathering information with a sensing device, such as a moving detector or a sweeping beam of radiation. side effectA secondary, typically undesirable effect of a drug or medical treatment. simulatorA radiation generator that operates in the diagnostic X-ray range, used to orientate a radiation beam and for visualization and imaging of the treatment area. stem cellAn undifferentiated cell. stenosisThe abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body. sterileFree from bacteria or other living microorganisms. symptomsA physical or mental feature that is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient. tachycardiaA rapid cardiac rate, usually 160â€"190 per minute, originating from an atrial locus. tomotherapyA type of radiation therapy in which the radiation is delivered slice-by-slice. total body irradiation (TBI)External beam irradiation involving exposure of the entire body. tumourA mass of tissue formed by a new growth of cells, normally independent of the surrounding structures wheezingBreathing with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest. wombThe uterus of a woman. xerostomiaAbnormal dryness of the mouth resulting from decreased secretion of saliva. x-rayA photographic or digital image of the internal composition of a part of the body, produced by x-rays being passed through it and being absorbed to different degrees. 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